Γ-Hydroxybutyric acid

Γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug. It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas. GHB has been used in a medical setting as a general anesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance.

Chemistry

GHB is a hydroxy acid and four-carbon compound. It exists in pH-dependent equilibrium with its corresponding lactone, γ-butyrolactone (GBL), which is a 5-membered cyclic ester.

Pharmacology

GHB is a central nervous system depressant used as an intoxicant. Its effects have been described anecdotally as comparable to alcohol and ecstasy. The exact mechanisms of GHB are not fully understood, but it is known to act on the GABA receptor in the brain.

Medical use

In the medical setting, GHB has been used for its anesthetic properties, in the treatment of insomnia, narcolepsy, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and for childbirth. It is also used in the treatment of fibromyalgia.

Recreational use

GHB is also known for its application in the club scene and related environments, often referred to as "liquid ecstasy", "G", or "fantasy". Its use can be associated with serious side effects, including respiratory arrest, coma, and death.

Legal status

The legal status of GHB varies by country, but it is controlled in many countries due to its potential for misuse and the health risks associated with its use.

See also

• GABA receptor
• Neurotransmitter
• Psychoactive drug