2022-2023 monkeypox outbreak in the Republic of Ireland

2022-2023 Monkeypox Outbreak in the Republic of Ireland

The 2022-2023 monkeypox outbreak in the Republic of Ireland is part of a global outbreak of the monkeypox virus, which began in May 2022. This outbreak has been notable for its spread beyond the traditional endemic regions of Central and West Africa, affecting numerous countries worldwide, including Ireland.

Background

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. It is similar to smallpox, though generally less severe. The disease was first discovered in 1958 in monkeys kept for research, and the first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Epidemiology

The first case of monkeypox in the Republic of Ireland was confirmed in May 2022. The Health Service Executive (HSE) reported that the initial cases were linked to travel from endemic regions, but subsequent cases indicated community transmission.

As of early 2023, the total number of confirmed cases in Ireland had reached over 100. The majority of cases were reported in urban areas, particularly in Dublin, reflecting patterns seen in other countries where the outbreak has predominantly affected men who have sex with men (MSM).

Clinical Features

Monkeypox typically presents with a prodrome of fever, headache, muscle aches, and lymphadenopathy, followed by a characteristic rash. The rash progresses through macular, papular, vesicular, and pustular stages before crusting over. The illness usually lasts 2-4 weeks.

Public Health Response

The HSE, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), implemented several measures to control the outbreak. These included:

• Surveillance and Contact Tracing: Enhanced surveillance systems were established to identify and trace contacts of confirmed cases.
• Vaccination: The smallpox vaccine, which provides cross-protection against monkeypox, was offered to high-risk groups, including healthcare workers and MSM.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Information campaigns were launched to educate the public about monkeypox symptoms and transmission.

Challenges

The outbreak posed several challenges, including:

• Stigma and Discrimination: There were concerns about stigma, particularly towards the MSM community, which could hinder public health efforts.
• Vaccine Supply: Limited availability of vaccines posed challenges in meeting the demand for immunization.

Outcome

By mid-2023, the number of new cases had significantly decreased, attributed to effective public health interventions and increased immunity in the population. The outbreak highlighted the need for global preparedness and response strategies for emerging infectious diseases.

Also see

• Monkeypox
• Orthopoxvirus
• Smallpox
• 2022-2023 monkeypox outbreak
• Public health in Ireland