Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner

Lord Milner

Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner (23 March 1854 – 13 May 1925) was a British statesman and colonial administrator who played a significant role in the politics of the British Empire during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his involvement in the Second Boer War and his efforts in the reconstruction of South Africa.

Early Life and Education

Alfred Milner was born in Giessen, Grand Duchy of Hesse, to Charles Milner, an Englishman, and his German wife, Elizabeth. He was educated at King's College School, London, and later attended Balliol College, Oxford, where he studied under the renowned historian Arnold Toynbee.

Career

Early Career

Milner began his career in journalism, working for the Pall Mall Gazette under the editorship of John Morley. He later transitioned to the civil service, where he served as private secretary to George Goschen, the Chancellor of the Exchequer.

South Africa and the Second Boer War

In 1897, Milner was appointed as the High Commissioner for Southern Africa and Governor of the Cape Colony. His tenure was marked by increasing tensions between the British and the Boer republics, leading to the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899. Milner was a key figure in the British war effort and the subsequent peace negotiations.

Reconstruction of South Africa

After the war, Milner oversaw the reconstruction of South Africa, implementing policies aimed at integrating the Boer republics into the British Empire. He established the so-called "Milner Kindergarten," a group of young administrators who played a crucial role in the development of the region.

Later Career

Milner returned to Britain in 1905 and continued to be active in politics. He was a member of the House of Lords and served in various capacities, including as a member of the War Cabinet during World War I. He was instrumental in the drafting of the Balfour Declaration and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Personal Life

Milner was married to Violet Cecil, the widow of Lord Edward Cecil, in 1921. He had no children and was succeeded by his stepson, Geoffrey Milner.

Legacy

Alfred Milner's legacy is a subject of considerable debate. While he is credited with modernizing South Africa and contributing to the British war effort, his policies have also been criticized for their impact on the local population and for laying the groundwork for the system of apartheid.

Titles and Honors

• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
• Viscount Milner of St James's and Cape Town

See Also

• Second Boer War
• South Africa
• British Empire
• League of Nations
• Balfour Declaration