Second Boer War

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War between the British Empire and two Boer states (1899–1902)

Second Boer War

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A British military encampment during the Second Boer War

The Second Boer War, also known as the Second Anglo-Boer War or the South African War, was a conflict that took place from 11 October 1899 to 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the two independent Boer states, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. The war ended with a British victory and the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging.

Background

The origins of the Second Boer War can be traced back to the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer territories, which attracted a large number of British settlers and prospectors. Tensions escalated due to the British desire to control the lucrative resources and the Boers' determination to maintain their independence.

Course of the War

The war can be divided into three phases:

Initial Phase

The initial phase of the war saw the Boers achieving several victories, including the Siege of Ladysmith, the Siege of Kimberley, and the Siege of Mafeking. The Boers utilized guerrilla tactics and their knowledge of the local terrain to their advantage.

British Counteroffensive

In response, the British launched a counteroffensive under the command of Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener. They relieved the besieged towns and captured the Boer capitals of Bloemfontein and Pretoria.

Guerrilla Warfare

The final phase of the war saw the Boers resorting to guerrilla warfare. The British implemented a scorched earth policy, destroying Boer farms and placing civilians in concentration camps. This strategy eventually led to the depletion of Boer resources and their eventual surrender.

Aftermath

The war resulted in significant loss of life and property. The British established control over the former Boer republics, which were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910. The war also had a lasting impact on British military tactics and colonial policy.

Legacy

The Second Boer War is remembered for its brutal tactics and the use of concentration camps, which caused a humanitarian crisis. It also marked a turning point in the history of South Africa, setting the stage for future conflicts and the eventual establishment of apartheid.

See also

• Boer Wars
• Scramble for Africa
• Union of South Africa
• Apartheid