Alpha thalassemia

Alpha Thalassemia is a blood disorder that is inherited and affects the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues. The condition is characterized by a reduction in the production of alpha globin, a component of hemoglobin.

Types of Alpha Thalassemia

There are four types of alpha thalassemia, which are classified based on the number of alpha globin genes affected. These include:

• Alpha Thalassemia Minima: This is a silent carrier state, with no symptoms or signs of anemia. It is caused by a mutation in one of the four alpha globin genes.
• Alpha Thalassemia Minor: This form is also known as alpha thalassemia trait. It is caused by mutations in two of the four alpha globin genes. Individuals with this form may have mild anemia.
• Hemoglobin H Disease: This form of alpha thalassemia is caused by mutations in three of the four alpha globin genes. It is a moderate to severe form of the disease, with symptoms including anemia, enlarged spleen, and jaundice.
• Alpha Thalassemia Major: Also known as hydrops fetalis, this is the most severe form of alpha thalassemia. It is caused by mutations in all four alpha globin genes and is usually fatal before or shortly after birth.

Symptoms

The symptoms of alpha thalassemia vary depending on the type and can range from none to severe. They may include fatigue, weakness, pale or yellowish skin, facial bone deformities, slow growth, abdominal swelling, and dark urine.

Diagnosis

Alpha thalassemia is diagnosed through blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) and hemoglobin electrophoresis. Genetic testing may also be used to identify mutations in the alpha globin genes.

Treatment

Treatment for alpha thalassemia depends on the severity of the condition. It may include regular blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron from the body, and in severe cases, a bone marrow transplant.

See Also

• Beta Thalassemia
• Hemoglobinopathies
• Anemia