Amphibious operation

Amphibious Operation

An amphibious operation is a military operation launched from the sea by an amphibious force to conduct landing force operations within the littoral zone. These operations can include any action from minor to major events, and can occur in either a hostile or permissive environment.

History

The concept of amphibious operations has been used since ancient times. The Persian Empire under Darius I and later the Roman Empire conducted successful amphibious operations. In the modern era, the concept was significantly developed during World War II, with notable operations such as the Normandy Landings and the Pacific Island Hopping Campaign.

Types of Amphibious Operations

There are several types of amphibious operations, including:

• Amphibious Assault: The principal type and the most complex of all amphibious operations. It involves establishing a force on a hostile or potentially hostile shore.

• Amphibious Raid: A swift incursion or temporary occupation of an objective followed by a planned withdrawal.

• Amphibious Demonstration: A type of operation conducted for the purpose of deceiving the enemy by a show of force with the expectation of deluding the enemy into a course of action unfavorable to him.

• Amphibious Withdrawal: An operation involving the extraction of forces by sea in ships or craft from a hostile or potentially hostile shore.

Planning and Execution

The planning and execution of an amphibious operation requires careful coordination and synchronization between the naval force and the landing force. Key considerations include the selection of suitable landing sites, the timing of the landing, and the sequencing of forces ashore.

See Also

• Naval warfare
• Marine Corps
• Airborne operation
• Joint operations