Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1

Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1 (AnHV-1) is a species of virus in the genus Mardivirus, which is part of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae within the family Herpesviridae. This virus is known to cause disease in waterfowl, particularly ducks, and is responsible for a condition known as duck plague or duck virus enteritis (DVE).

Virology

Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1 is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. It is classified within the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily due to its rapid replication cycle and ability to establish latent infections in the host. The virus primarily infects the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and the lymphoid tissues of ducks.

Pathogenesis

The virus is highly contagious among waterfowl and is transmitted through direct contact with infected birds or contaminated water. Once inside the host, AnHV-1 targets the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to necrosis and ulceration. The virus can also spread to the liver, spleen, and other organs, causing systemic disease.

Clinical signs of infection include lethargy, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and sudden death. Infected birds may also exhibit hemorrhages on the mucosal surfaces and in the internal organs. Mortality rates can be high, especially in young or immunocompromised birds.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Anatid alphaherpesvirus 1 infection is typically based on clinical signs, histopathological examination, and laboratory tests. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and virus isolation techniques are commonly used to confirm the presence of the virus in tissue samples.

Prevention and Control

Control of AnHV-1 involves biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of the virus in waterfowl populations. Vaccination is also an effective strategy to protect susceptible birds. Live attenuated vaccines are available and have been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of disease.

Also see

• Herpesviridae
• Alphaherpesvirinae
• Mardivirus
• Duck virus enteritis