Ancylostoma duodenale

Ancylostoma duodenale is a species of parasitic worm (or helminth) that belongs to the nematode class. It is one of the two species of hookworm that commonly infect humans, the other being Necator americanus. A. duodenale is primarily found in regions with a warm climate, including parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale begins when the mature worms living in the small intestine of the host produce eggs, which are then passed in the feces. Under favorable conditions, the eggs hatch in the soil and release larvae. These larvae undergo two molts to become infective filariform larvae, which can penetrate the skin of a new host. Once inside the host, the larvae travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, then up the trachea, and are swallowed. In the small intestine, they mature into adult worms and the cycle begins anew.

Pathology

Infection with Ancylostoma duodenale, known as ancylostomiasis, can lead to a number of health problems. The worms attach to the intestinal wall and feed on the host's blood, which can cause iron deficiency anemia. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. In severe cases, the infection can lead to developmental delays in children and complications during pregnancy.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of Ancylostoma duodenale infection is typically made by identifying the characteristic eggs in a stool sample. Treatment usually involves anthelmintic drugs such as mebendazole or albendazole, which kill the adult worms. In cases of severe anemia, iron supplements may also be given.

Prevention

Prevention of Ancylostoma duodenale infection primarily involves proper sanitation, including the use of toilets and the avoidance of human feces as fertilizer. Wearing shoes can also help prevent infection, as the larvae can penetrate the skin of the feet.