Ancylostoma tubaeforme

Ancylostoma tubaeforme is a species of parasitic nematode that primarily infects cats. It is one of the causative agents of hookworm infection in felines, leading to a condition known as ancylostomiasis. This parasite attaches to the mucosal lining of the small intestine, where it feeds on the host's blood, leading to anemia, malnutrition, and in severe cases, death. Ancylostoma tubaeforme is of significant concern in veterinary medicine due to its impact on the health of domestic and wild feline populations.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of Ancylostoma tubaeforme involves several stages, starting from the egg, which is excreted in the feces of an infected host. Under suitable environmental conditions, the eggs hatch into first-stage larvae, which then develop into infective third-stage larvae. These infective larvae can penetrate the skin of a new host or be ingested to continue the cycle. Once inside the host, the larvae migrate to the small intestine, mature into adults, and begin feeding on blood, completing the cycle.

Transmission

Transmission of Ancylostoma tubaeforme occurs primarily through direct contact with contaminated soil or feces, where infective larvae reside. Kittens can also acquire the infection transmammary (via the mother's milk) if the mother is infected. Ingestion of the larvae, either through licking contaminated fur or consuming an infected intermediate host, is another common route of infection.

Clinical Signs

Infected cats may exhibit a range of clinical signs, depending on the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include:

• Pale mucous membranes (indicative of anemia)
• Weight loss and malnutrition
• Diarrhea, which may be bloody
• Reduced growth rates in kittens
• In severe cases, death

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Ancylostoma tubaeforme infection is typically made by identifying the characteristic eggs in the feces through a microscopic examination, known as a fecal flotation test. Clinical signs and history of exposure to contaminated environments can also aid in diagnosis.

Treatment and Control

Treatment involves the administration of anthelmintic drugs, which are effective in killing the adult worms. Several doses may be required to fully eliminate the infection, and treatment of the environment to reduce re-infection risk is also recommended. Preventative measures include regular deworming of cats, especially kittens, and avoiding exposure to contaminated environments.

Prevention

Preventive measures against Ancylostoma tubaeforme include:

• Regular deworming schedules for cats
• Environmental sanitation to reduce contamination with feces
• Avoiding contact with potentially contaminated soil or feces

Public Health Significance

Although Ancylostoma tubaeforme primarily infects cats, it can cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans, a condition where the larvae migrate through the skin, causing itchy tracks. However, this species is less commonly implicated in human infections compared to other hookworm species.