Testosterone (medication)

Overview of testosterone as a medication

Testosterone is a hormone that is primarily produced in the testes in males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries of females. It is also produced in small quantities by the adrenal glands. As a medication, testosterone is used to treat conditions caused by low levels of the hormone, such as hypogonadism in males and certain types of breast cancer in females.

Medical Uses

Testosterone is used in various forms to treat different medical conditions:

• Hypogonadism in males: Testosterone replacement therapy is used to treat males with low testosterone levels due to disorders of the testes, pituitary gland, or hypothalamus.
• Delayed puberty in males: It can be used to stimulate the onset of puberty in boys with delayed puberty.
• Breast cancer in females: Certain types of breast cancer that are hormone-sensitive can be treated with testosterone.
• Gender dysphoria: Testosterone is used as part of hormone therapy for transgender men.

Forms of Administration

Testosterone can be administered in several forms, including:

• Injectable testosterone: Such as testosterone cypionate or testosterone enanthate, which are administered intramuscularly.
• Transdermal patches: Such as the Androderm patch, which delivers testosterone through the skin.
• Topical gels: Such as AndroGel, which is applied to the skin.
• Oral tablets: Although less common due to potential liver toxicity.
• Implants: Small pellets inserted under the skin that release testosterone over time.

Side Effects

Common side effects of testosterone therapy include:

• Acne and oily skin
• Increased red blood cell count
• Mood changes
• Sleep apnea
• Prostate enlargement

Serious side effects can include cardiovascular issues, liver problems, and increased risk of prostate cancer.

Mechanism of Action

Testosterone works by binding to androgen receptors in various tissues, influencing the expression of genes that regulate the development and maintenance of male characteristics. It plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive tissues, such as the testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics like increased muscle and bone mass.

History

Testosterone was first isolated in 1935, and synthetic versions were developed shortly thereafter. It has been used in medicine since the 1940s.

Regulation and Legal Status

Testosterone is a controlled substance in many countries due to its potential for abuse and side effects. It is classified as a Schedule III controlled substance in the United States.

Also see

• Androgen replacement therapy
• Anabolic steroid
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Endocrinology

External links

• Drugs.com: Testosterone
• Mayo Clinic: Testosterone