Angiodema

Angioedema is a medical condition characterized by the rapid swelling of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, mucosa, and submucosal tissues. It is a reaction similar to urticaria (hives), but angioedema affects deeper layers of the skin, often around the eyes and lips, and sometimes the throat, hands, and feet. The swelling can also occur on the tongue, the gastrointestinal tract, and in severe cases, it can lead to breathing difficulties. Angioedema can be either acute or chronic, and its causes range from allergic reactions to hereditary factors.

Causes

Angioedema can be classified into several types based on its cause:

• Allergic Angioedema: This type is caused by an allergic reaction to medications, foods, insect bites, or other allergens.
• Hereditary Angioedema: Caused by a deficiency or malfunction of the C1-inhibitor protein, this type is genetic and can result in recurrent episodes of swelling.
• Acquired Angioedema: Similar to hereditary angioedema, this type is due to the acquired deficiency of the C1-inhibitor, but it is not genetic and usually occurs in adults.
• Drug-induced Angioedema: Certain medications, especially ACE inhibitors, can cause angioedema as a side effect.
• Idiopathic Angioedema: In some cases, the cause of angioedema cannot be determined.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of angioedema is sudden and severe swelling, which can occur on the face, throat, limbs, and genitals. Other symptoms may include:

• Pain or warmth in the affected areas
• Abdominal cramping (when the gastrointestinal tract is involved)
• Difficulty breathing (if the throat or lungs are affected)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of angioedema involves a thorough medical history and physical examination. Additional tests may include:

• Blood tests to check for levels of certain enzymes and proteins
• Allergy testing to identify potential allergens
• Genetic tests, particularly for hereditary angioedema

Treatment

Treatment for angioedema depends on its cause and severity. Options include:

• Antihistamines and corticosteroids for allergic angioedema
• C1-inhibitor concentrate for hereditary angioedema
• Fresh frozen plasma in emergencies for hereditary angioedema
• Avoidance of known triggers
• Epinephrine for severe, life-threatening reactions

Prevention

Preventive measures for angioedema focus on avoiding known triggers and may involve:

• Carrying an epinephrine auto-injector for those with severe allergies
• Avoiding medications known to cause angioedema
• Regular treatment with C1-inhibitor concentrates for individuals with hereditary angioedema