Urticaria

Urticaria, also known as hives, is a kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives are frequently caused by allergic reactions; however, there are many non-allergic causes. For the majority of cases, the cause of hives is unknown.

Causes

Most cases of hives lasting less than six weeks (acute urticaria) are the result of an allergic trigger. Chronic urticaria (hives lasting longer than six weeks) is rarely due to an allergy. The majority of patients with chronic hives have an unknown (idiopathic) cause. Perhaps as many as 30–40% of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria will, in fact, have an autoimmune cause. Acute viral infection is another common cause of acute urticaria (viral exanthem).

Diagnosis

The cause of hives can often be diagnosed by a good history and physical examination. If not, skin testing, blood work, or a biopsy is occasionally needed.

Treatment

The main treatment for acute urticaria in adults and in children is with an oral second-generation, non-sedating antihistamine chosen from one of several types. If this is not effective, a physician may try a different drug or increase the dosage. For chronic or recurrent urticaria, a health care provider might prescribe a mixture of antihistamines or a course of corticosteroids to reduce symptoms.

See also

• Dermatology
• Allergy
• Antihistamine
• Corticosteroids

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