Antepartum hemorrhage

Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is a serious complication that occurs during pregnancy. It is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract, occurring from 24+0 weeks of pregnancy and prior to the birth of the baby. It affects approximately 3-5% of all pregnancies and is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.

Causes

The most common causes of antepartum hemorrhage are placenta previa and placental abruption. Other causes can include vasa previa, uterine rupture, and cervical or vaginal trauma.

Placenta Previa

Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants over the cervix, blocking the exit for the baby. This can cause severe bleeding during pregnancy and delivery.

Placental Abruption

Placental abruption is a condition where the placenta detaches from the uterine wall before the baby is born. This can cause severe bleeding and can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby.

Symptoms

The main symptom of antepartum hemorrhage is vaginal bleeding. Other symptoms can include abdominal pain, contractions, and fetal distress.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of antepartum hemorrhage is based on the clinical symptoms and a physical examination. Additional tests such as an ultrasound may be used to confirm the diagnosis and determine the cause of the bleeding.

Treatment

The treatment for antepartum hemorrhage depends on the cause of the bleeding, the severity of the bleeding, and the gestational age of the baby. Treatment options can include bed rest, medication, and in severe cases, delivery of the baby.

See Also

• Postpartum hemorrhage
• Pregnancy complications
• Obstetric hemorrhage

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