Antivenom

Antivenom (also known as antivenin and venom antiserum) is a medication made from antibodies which is used to treat certain venomous bites and stings. Antivenom is created by injecting a small amount of the targeted venom into an animal such as a horse, sheep, or rabbit; the subject animal will undergo an immune response to the venom, producing antibodies against the venom's active molecule which can then be harvested from the animal's blood and used to treat envenomation in others.

History

The concept of antivenom dates back to the late 19th century, when French scientist Albert Calmette, a student of Louis Pasteur, developed the first antivenom for Indian cobra venom. This was achieved by immunizing a large animal with gradually increasing doses of the venom and then extracting the animal's blood.

Production

The production of antivenom involves the extraction of venom from a venomous animal, such as a snake, spider, or scorpion. The venom is then injected into a domestic animal, often a horse, which produces antibodies against the venom. These antibodies are then harvested from the animal's blood and purified to create the antivenom.

Types

There are two main types of antivenom: monovalent and polyvalent. Monovalent antivenom is specific to a single species' venom, while polyvalent antivenom can neutralize the venom of multiple species.

Usage

Antivenom is used to treat envenomation. It is most effective when administered as soon as possible after a venomous bite or sting, but can still be beneficial if given several hours or even days later. The specific antivenom needed depends on the species involved.

Side Effects

While antivenom can save lives, it can also cause serious side effects, including allergic reactions and serum sickness. These risks must be weighed against the potential benefits of treatment.

See Also

• Venom
• Envenomation
• Snakebite
• Scorpion sting