Apneustic respirations

Apneustic respirations are a distinct pattern of abnormal breathing characterized by deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at the full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release. This breathing pattern is indicative of damage to the pons or upper medulla oblongata, regions of the brainstem that play critical roles in the regulation of respiration. Apneustic breathing is often associated with severe brain injury or conditions that affect the brainstem, such as stroke, trauma, or brainstem tumors.

Etiology

The primary cause of apneustic respirations is damage to the apneustic center of the pons. This damage can result from various conditions, including:

• Stroke: Interruption of blood supply to the brainstem can damage the pons or medulla.
• Trauma: Physical injury to the brainstem from accidents can lead to apneustic breathing.
• Brainstem tumors: Tumors in or near the brainstem can press on and damage the respiratory centers.
• Infections: Infections such as encephalitis or meningitis can affect the brainstem.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with apneustic respirations exhibit a unique breathing pattern that includes:

• Prolonged inspiratory phase: A deep, gasping inhalation that lasts for several seconds.
• Pause at full inspiration: A noticeable halt at the peak of inhalation.
• Inadequate expiration: A brief and seemingly insufficient release following the inspiratory phase.

This pattern can be distressing to observe and often indicates a severe underlying neurological condition.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of apneustic respirations involves a combination of clinical observation and neuroimaging. The distinctive breathing pattern is a key indicator, but imaging studies such as MRI or CT scan are essential to identify the exact location and cause of the damage within the brainstem.

Treatment

Treatment of apneustic respirations focuses on addressing the underlying cause. This may involve:

• Surgery: To remove tumors or alleviate pressure on the brainstem.
• Medication: To treat infections or manage symptoms.
• Supportive care: Including respiratory support in severe cases.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with apneustic respirations depends on the severity of the underlying condition and the extent of brainstem damage. Early intervention and treatment of the cause can improve outcomes, but persistent apneustic breathing often indicates a poor prognosis.

See Also

• Cheyne-Stokes respiration
• Biot's respiration
• Central neurogenic hyperventilation
• Respiratory system