Apple trees

Apple Tree
genus	Malus
subfamilia	{{{subfamilia}}}
species	M. domestica
Family	Rosaceae

The apple tree (Malus domestica) is a fruit tree species in the Rosaceae family known for its sweet, pomaceous fruit, the apple. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits, and the most widely known of the many members of genus Malus that are used by humans. Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists.

Description

Apple trees are deciduous and typically grow from 3 to 12 meters tall, although they may also be dwarf varieties that are much smaller. The leaves are alternately arranged dark green-colored simple ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides. Flowers are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves. The flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, and 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter. The apple itself is a fruit that matures in late summer or autumn and cultivars exist with a wide range of sizes. Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 7 to 8.5 cm in diameter, due to market preference.

Cultivation

The cultivation of apple trees is a complex process that involves several stages, including planting, pruning, and harvesting. Apple trees thrive in temperate environments and are most commonly grown in regions with cold winters and moderate summers. The trees require well-drained soil and a location that receives full sunlight. Many cultivars are propagated through grafting, which ensures that the new plants will bear the same fruit as the parent.

Varieties

There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw, and cider production. Some popular cultivars include 'Granny Smith', 'Fuji', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Red Delicious'.

Pests and Diseases

Apple trees are susceptible to a number of fungal and bacterial diseases and insect pests. Common diseases include apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, and fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora. Insect pests include the apple maggot and codling moth. Various forms of pest control are used, including organic and non-organic options.

Economic Importance

Apples are one of the most economically important fruit crops globally. They are used in numerous dishes and products, such as pies, sauces, and juices. The fruit is also fermented to produce apple cider, cider vinegar, and apple brandy. Apple wood is used for various purposes, including cooking and heating.

Cultural Significance

Apples hold significant cultural significance in many cultures. They appear in the mythology and religions of many cultures, including Norse, Greek, and Christian traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. One of the most famous historical references to apples is their supposed role in Isaac Newton's formulation of the laws of gravity.