Athelia

Athelia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the absence of one or both nipples. It is a condition that can occur in both males and females, but is more commonly observed in females. Athelia can be an isolated condition or it can be associated with other physical anomalies or syndromes, such as Poland syndrome or ectodermal dysplasia.

Etiology[edit | edit source]

The exact cause of athelia is not known. However, it is believed to occur during the embryonic stage of development. The nipple and areola complex begins to form around the fourth week of embryonic development. Any disruption during this critical period can result in the absence of nipples, a condition known as athelia.

Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

The primary clinical feature of athelia is the absence of one or both nipples. This can be identified at birth. In some cases, the absence of nipples may be associated with other physical anomalies or syndromes. For example, in Poland syndrome, athelia may be accompanied by underdevelopment or absence of the chest muscle on one side of the body. In ectodermal dysplasia, athelia may be associated with abnormalities in structures that develop from the ectoderm, such as hair, teeth, and sweat glands.

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis of athelia is primarily based on physical examination. In some cases, genetic testing may be performed to identify any associated syndromes.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

The treatment for athelia primarily involves surgical reconstruction of the nipple and areola complex. This is typically performed by a plastic surgeon and can greatly improve the cosmetic appearance and psychological well-being of the individual. In some cases, tattooing can be used to create the appearance of a nipple.