Autistic

Autism
Other names	Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Specialty	Psychiatry, Clinical psychology
Symptoms	Challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication, unique strengths and differences
Usual onset	Early childhood
Duration	Lifelong
Types	Several subtypes, influenced by genetic and environmental factors
Causes	Genetic and environmental factors
Risk factors	Family history, certain genetic conditions
Diagnostic method	Based on behavior and developmental history
Treatment	Behavioral therapy, Speech therapy, Occupational therapy

Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a complex developmental condition that involves persistent challenges in social interaction, speech and nonverbal communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors. The effects of autism and the severity of symptoms are different in each person.

Characteristics

Autism is characterized by:

• Social communication challenges including difficulties in sharing emotions, understanding social cues, and maintaining conversations.
• Repetitive behaviors such as repeating words or phrases, repetitive movements, or excessive adherence to routines.
• Unique strengths and differences which may include remarkable visual and auditory memory, excelling in math, art, music, or other areas.

Causes

While the exact cause of autism is not known, it is understood to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Variations in certain genes can increase the risk of autism. Environmental factors that may contribute include issues during pregnancy or complications at birth.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of autism is based on analysis of the individual's behavior and developmental history. It can typically be reliably diagnosed by age two. Early diagnosis and intervention can lead to significantly improved outcomes.

Treatment

There is no 'cure' for autism, but there are several interventions that can help reduce symptoms and improve abilities. These include:

• Behavioral therapy: Helps to improve communication, learning, and social skills.
• Speech therapy: Aims to enhance communication skills.
• Occupational therapy: Focuses on improving daily skills and sensory integration.

Epidemiology

The prevalence of autism has been increasing globally. This increase is attributed to better awareness, broader diagnostic criteria, and improved diagnostic tools.

Society and culture

Perceptions of autism have changed significantly over the years. The neurodiversity movement advocates for viewing autism as a difference rather than a disorder.

See also

• Asperger syndrome
• Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified