Azaspiracid

Azaspiracid is a group of polyether marine toxins originally discovered in mussels from Ireland in 1995. The toxins are produced by small marine dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spinosum and Amphidoma languida. Azaspiracids are responsible for azaspiracid poisoning (AZP), a type of shellfish poisoning.

History

Azaspiracid was first identified in 1995 following a human illness outbreak in the Netherlands linked to consumption of mussels from Killary Harbour, Ireland. The toxin was named after the genus Azadinium, which was initially thought to be the source of the toxin. However, subsequent research identified Amphidoma languida as another source.

Structure and properties

Azaspiracids are a group of more than 30 related compounds, all of which share a common polycyclic structure composed of a spirocyclic ring system and a carboxylic acid group. The toxins are heat-stable and acid-stable, meaning they are not destroyed by cooking or stomach acid.

Toxicity

Azaspiracids are potent toxins that can cause severe illness in humans if ingested. Symptoms of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. In severe cases, neurological symptoms such as memory loss and confusion may also occur. The toxins are believed to act by disrupting cellular ion channels, leading to a disruption of normal cell function.

Detection and regulation

Several methods are available for the detection of azaspiracids in shellfish, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Regulatory limits for azaspiracids in shellfish have been established by the European Union and other regulatory bodies.

See also

• Shellfish poisoning
• Marine toxins
• Dinoflagellate

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