Aztec civilization

Aztec civilization

The Aztec civilization was a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztecs are known for their rich mythology, complex social structure, and impressive architectural achievements.

History

The Aztec civilization originated from the Mexica people, who migrated to the Valley of Mexico in the early 13th century. They established their capital, Tenochtitlan, on an island in Lake Texcoco. The city became the center of the Aztec Empire, which expanded through military conquest and alliances.

Society

Aztec society was highly stratified, with a rigid class system. The tlatoani (emperor) was the supreme ruler, followed by the nobility, priests, warriors, and commoners. The calpulli were the basic social units, consisting of extended families that owned land collectively.

Religion

The Aztecs practiced a polytheistic religion, worshipping numerous gods and goddesses. Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and the sun, was one of the most important deities. Human sacrifice was a central aspect of their religious practices, believed to appease the gods and ensure the continuation of the world.

Economy

The Aztec economy was based on agriculture, trade, and tribute. They cultivated crops such as maize, beans, and squash using chinampas, a form of raised-field agriculture. The pochteca were professional merchants who traded goods across Mesoamerica.

Architecture and Art

Aztec architecture is renowned for its monumental structures, including the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan. They built pyramids, palaces, and ball courts. Aztec art included intricate stone carvings, pottery, and featherwork.

Language and Writing

The Aztecs spoke Nahuatl, which is still spoken by some indigenous communities in Mexico today. They used a system of pictographic writing to record historical events, religious rituals, and genealogies.

Decline

The Aztec civilization came to an end with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés in 1519. The combination of military defeat, disease, and internal strife led to the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521.

Legacy

The legacy of the Aztec civilization is evident in modern Mexican culture, from language and cuisine to art and traditions. The ruins of Tenochtitlan lie beneath Mexico City, and many Aztec artifacts are preserved in museums.

See also

• Mesoamerica
• Inca Empire
• Maya civilization
• Pre-Columbian era