Bacille Calmette–Guérin
A vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis
Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated.
History[edit | edit source]
The BCG vaccine was developed by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin in the early 20th century. The first human trials were conducted in 1921. The vaccine is named after its inventors, and it is derived from a strain of Mycobacterium bovis that has been attenuated, or weakened, so that it does not cause disease in humans.
Mechanism of Action[edit | edit source]
BCG is a live attenuated vaccine that provides immunity or protection against tuberculosis. It works by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. The vaccine is administered intradermally, usually in the upper arm, and it induces a local immune response that helps protect against the disease.
Efficacy[edit | edit source]
The efficacy of the BCG vaccine varies geographically. It is most effective in preventing severe forms of tuberculosis, such as tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis, in children. However, its effectiveness in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis in adults is variable and has been the subject of much research.
Side Effects[edit | edit source]
The BCG vaccine is generally safe. Common side effects include mild swelling and soreness at the injection site. In rare cases, more serious side effects can occur, such as lymphadenitis or osteitis.
Use in Bladder Cancer[edit | edit source]
In addition to its use as a vaccine, BCG is also used as an immunotherapy for bladder cancer. It is administered directly into the bladder to stimulate an immune response against cancer cells.
Global Use[edit | edit source]
The BCG vaccine is part of the World Health Organization's Expanded Programme on Immunization and is given to over 100 million children worldwide each year. It is particularly important in countries with high rates of tuberculosis.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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