Basaloid squamous carcinoma

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rare, aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma. It is characterized by its histological resemblance to basal cell carcinoma, but with a more aggressive clinical course. BSCC can occur in various sites of the body, but it is most commonly found in the head and neck region, particularly the larynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.

Epidemiology

BSCC is a rare type of cancer, accounting for less than 1% of all squamous cell carcinomas. It is more common in males than females, and the average age of diagnosis is around 60 years. The incidence of BSCC is higher in individuals with a history of tobacco and alcohol use.

Pathogenesis

The exact pathogenesis of BSCC is not well understood. However, it is believed to arise from the basal cells of the epithelium, which are the cells responsible for regenerating the epithelium. Some studies have suggested a link between BSCC and human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV type 16.

Clinical Features

Patients with BSCC often present with symptoms similar to those of other head and neck cancers, such as a neck mass, difficulty swallowing, and hoarseness. Due to its aggressive nature, BSCC often presents at an advanced stage, with lymph node involvement.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of BSCC is made based on histological examination of a biopsy specimen. The tumor is characterized by a dual pattern of basaloid and squamous differentiation. Immunohistochemistry can also be used to confirm the diagnosis, with BSCC cells typically expressing cytokeratin and EGFR.

Treatment

The treatment of BSCC typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health status.

Prognosis

The prognosis of BSCC is generally poor, due to its aggressive nature and tendency to present at an advanced stage. However, early detection and treatment can improve survival rates.