Beowulf

Beowulf Cotton MS Vitellius A XV f. 132r

Beowulf Tribes

Eadgil's barrow

Carrigan's model of Beowulf's Design

Beowulf death

Beowulf is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important works of Old English literature. The author is anonymous, and the poem is dated to between the 8th and the early 11th century. Set in Scandinavia, Beowulf follows the story of its eponymous hero as he battles against the monster Grendel, Grendel's mother, and finally, a dragon. The poem deals with themes of heroism, the importance of kinship bonds, and the relationship between the ruler and the ruled.

Plot Summary

Beowulf is divided into three main parts, each of which centers on Beowulf's fight with a different monster. In the first part, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall has been under attack by Grendel. Beowulf slays Grendel by tearing off his arm, but Grendel's mother seeks revenge, prompting Beowulf to dive into her underwater lair to kill her as well.

The second part of the poem jumps many years into the future, where Beowulf has become the king of the Geats. His final battle is with a dragon that begins to terrorize his kingdom after a thief steals a cup from its hoard of gold. Beowulf kills the dragon with the help of his kinsman Wiglaf, but not before he himself is mortally wounded. The poem ends with Beowulf's funeral rites and a lament for the dead hero.

Themes and Analysis

Beowulf explores the Norse culture's ideals of heroism, loyalty, and the social importance of generosity and hospitality. The poem also delves into the existential and philosophical questions of the time, such as the role of fate in human life and the impermanence of fame and power. The character of Beowulf embodies the ideal warrior and ruler, showing both great physical strength and a sense of responsibility towards his people and allies.

Literary Significance and Reception

Beowulf holds a paramount place in English literature. It is not only a seminal work of the Anglo-Saxon era but also a cornerstone of the study of medieval literature. Its narrative structure, use of alliteration, and thematic complexity have been analyzed and admired by scholars for centuries. Despite its age, the poem remains relevant and continues to inspire modern literature and culture, including adaptations in books, films, and other media.

Manuscript and Authorship

The only surviving manuscript of Beowulf is part of the Nowell Codex, housed in the British Library. The manuscript dates from around the year 1000, but scholars believe the poem itself was composed earlier. The authorship of Beowulf is unknown, and it is likely that the poem was passed down orally before it was written down. This oral tradition contributes to the poem's alliterative verse and episodic structure, typical of the oral storytelling tradition of the Anglo-Saxons.