Biretta

Biret

Bonete Sammlung Philippi

rector univ

Biretta is a square cap with three or four ridges or peaks, sometimes surmounted by a tuft, traditionally worn by Roman Catholic clergy and some Anglican and Lutheran clergy. A biretta's color can signify the wearer's rank or position within the church. The biretta is most commonly associated with the Catholic Church but is also used by other religious traditions within Christianity, adapting its color and design according to their specific liturgical and traditional needs.

History

The origins of the biretta are traced back to the medieval academic cap, a derivative of the ancient Roman pileus or the cap of freedom, a soft cap worn by emancipated slaves in Rome. Over time, it evolved from a simple cap used by scholars into a more structured form. This evolution was influenced by the need to distinguish ranks and roles within the church and academic institutions. By the 17th century, the biretta had become a standard part of the clerical attire in the Roman Catholic Church.

Design and Variations

The biretta is characterized by its square or sometimes octagonal shape, with three or four peaks or horns arising from the flat crown. The presence of a pom or tuft on top of the biretta varies according to the custom of the wearer or the regulations of the specific Christian denomination.

1. 1. 1. Color Significance###

The color of the biretta is highly significant and varies according to the rank of the clergyman: - Black birettas are worn by priests, deacons, and seminarians. - Purple birettas are designated for bishops and other prelates below the rank of cardinal. - Red birettas are worn by cardinals. - A special white biretta, made from white silk, is worn by the Pope.

1. 1. 1. Denominational Variations###

While the biretta is most closely associated with the Roman Catholic Church, it is also used in the Anglican Communion, where it is often seen in black, and in some Lutheran churches, though less frequently.

Liturgical Use

In the Roman Catholic Church, the biretta may be worn during the liturgy while the clergyman is seated or during processions. It is removed during prayers and when the clergyman is at the altar. The specific rules for its use can vary by diocese and country, reflecting local customs and traditions.

Contemporary Use

Today, the biretta is less commonly worn than in the past, reflecting broader changes in clerical attire and the simplification of liturgical dress. However, it remains a symbol of the clerical state and is used during formal occasions, such as ordinations, liturgical celebrations, and official functions.

See Also

• Clerical clothing
• Zucchetto
• Mitre
• Cassock