Bissu

Bissu

The Bissu are a unique gender identity and spiritual role within the Bugis society of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. They are considered one of the five genders in the Bugis culture, which also includes male, female, calabai, and calalai. The Bissu are often regarded as a combination of all genders and are traditionally seen as priests or shamans with spiritual and ceremonial duties.

Etymology

The term "Bissu" is believed to be derived from the Bugis word "bessi," which means "clean" or "pure." This reflects the Bissu's role as spiritual intermediaries who are considered to be in a state of purity, transcending the binary gender norms.

Historical Context

The Bissu have been an integral part of Bugis society for centuries. Historically, they served as advisors to the Bugis kings and were involved in various rituals and ceremonies, including weddings, harvests, and other significant cultural events. Their presence is documented in the Lontara, the traditional Bugis script, which records the history and culture of the Bugis people.

Role and Function

Bissu are considered to be spiritual leaders and are often involved in rituals that require a connection to the spiritual world. They perform blessings, healings, and other ceremonies that are believed to ensure harmony and balance within the community. The Bissu are also known for their role in the I La Galigo, an epic creation myth of the Bugis people, where they are depicted as mediators between the human and spiritual realms.

Gender Identity

The Bissu are unique in that they embody all genders, which is reflected in their dress and behavior. They often wear a combination of male and female clothing and are expected to maintain a balance of masculine and feminine traits. This non-binary identity allows them to transcend traditional gender roles and serve as a bridge between the physical and spiritual worlds.

Challenges and Modern Context

In recent years, the role of the Bissu has been challenged by the spread of more conservative religious views in Indonesia, which often do not recognize non-binary gender identities. Despite this, the Bissu continue to play a vital role in preserving Bugis culture and traditions. Efforts have been made to document and support the Bissu community, ensuring that their unique cultural and spiritual contributions are not lost.

See Also

• Bugis people
• Gender identity
• Shamanism

References

• Andaya, Leonard Y. (2000). "The Heritage of Arung Palakka: A History of South Sulawesi (Celebes) in the Seventeenth Century." KITLV Press.
• Graham, Sharyn (2004). "It's Like One of Those Puzzles: Conceptualising Gender Among Bugis." Journal of Gender Studies.

External Links

• [Bissu: The Fifth Gender of the Bugis](https://example.org/bissu)