Blood in the stool

Blood in the Stool (also known as Hematochezia) refers to the presence of red or maroon blood in the feces. It is a symptom that can indicate various underlying conditions, ranging from minor issues such as hemorrhoids to more serious conditions like colorectal cancer. Understanding the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of blood in the stool is crucial for effective management and prevention of potential complications.

Causes

Blood in the stool can originate from anywhere along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Causes can be divided into lower GI sources and upper GI sources.

Lower GI Sources

• Hemorrhoids: Swollen blood vessels in the lower rectum or anus.
• Anal fissures: Small tears in the skin around the anus.
• Diverticulosis: Small pouches that can form in the walls of the colon.
• Colorectal cancer: Cancer of the colon or rectum.
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Including Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis.

Upper GI Sources

• Peptic ulcers: Sores on the lining of the stomach or small intestine.
• Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
• Esophageal varices: Swollen veins in the esophagus.

Symptoms

While the primary symptom is the presence of blood in the stool, other symptoms may accompany this condition, depending on the underlying cause. These can include:

• Abdominal pain
• Changes in bowel habits
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Anemia

Diagnosis

Diagnosing the cause of blood in the stool typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, which may include:

• Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): To detect hidden blood in the stool.
• Colonoscopy: A procedure to examine the inside of the colon.
• Upper endoscopy: To examine the upper part of the GI tract.
• Imaging tests such as CT scan or MRI.

Treatment

Treatment for blood in the stool depends on the underlying cause. It may include:

• Medications to treat infections, inflammation, or ulcers.
• Procedures to remove polyps or treat hemorrhoids.
• Surgery for serious conditions such as colorectal cancer.

Prevention

Preventive measures can reduce the risk of developing conditions that may lead to blood in the stool. These include:

• Regular screening for colorectal cancer starting at age 50, or earlier for those at high risk.
• Eating a high-fiber diet.
• Staying hydrated.
• Exercising regularly.

See Also

• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Rectal bleeding
• Stool color

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