Botulinus toxin

Botulinus Toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is one of the most potent toxins known, with a lethal dose for humans estimated at 1.3–2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly and 10–13 ng/kg when inhaled.

History

The toxin was first identified in the late 19th century by Emile van Ermengem, a Belgian bacteriologist. He isolated the bacterium Clostridium botulinum from a food sample that had caused a botulism outbreak.

Types

There are eight types of botulinus toxin, named type A–H. Types A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, and are also used commercially and medically.

Mechanism of action

Botulinus toxin causes botulism, a severe, life-threatening illness. The toxin binds to nerve endings at the point where the nerves join muscles, blocking the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This prevents the muscles from contracting, leading to paralysis.

Medical uses

Botulinus toxin has been used in medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including strabismus, blepharospasm, and hyperhidrosis. It is also used in cosmetic procedures to reduce wrinkles.

Safety

Due to its high toxicity, botulinus toxin is classified as a bioterrorism agent. It is also a potential weapon of mass destruction.

See also

• Botulism
• Clostridium botulinum
• Neurotoxin

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