Bovine papular stomatitis

Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS) is a viral disease affecting cattle, primarily characterized by the development of papules or small nodules on the mucous membranes of the mouth, lips, teats, and skin around the mouth. This condition is caused by the Bovine Papular Stomatitis Virus (BPSV), a member of the Parapoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family. BPS is of economic concern in the livestock industry due to its potential to cause discomfort in affected animals, leading to decreased feed intake and weight gain. However, it is generally considered to be a mild disease, with animals typically recovering without intervention.

Etiology

BPS is caused by the Bovine Papular Stomatitis Virus, a DNA virus that is highly resilient in the environment. The virus is closely related to other members of the Parapoxvirus genus, such as the Orf virus affecting sheep and goats, and the Pseudocowpox virus.

Transmission

Transmission of BPSV occurs through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated fomites. The virus can penetrate broken skin or the mucous membranes of the mouth, leading to infection. Young calves are particularly susceptible to the disease, although cattle of any age can be affected. The virus can also be spread by mechanical vectors, such as equipment or personnel moving between animals.

Clinical Signs

The hallmark of BPS is the appearance of papules or nodules on the mucous membranes inside the mouth, on the lips, and sometimes on the teats and surrounding skin. These lesions are initially red and may develop a gray or white center. Although generally not painful, they can cause discomfort and lead to decreased feed intake in severe cases. Lesions typically resolve within a few weeks without treatment.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of BPS is primarily based on clinical signs and the characteristic appearance of lesions. Differential diagnoses include other causes of oral lesions in cattle, such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), Vesicular Stomatitis, and Mucosal Disease. Laboratory tests, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation, can confirm the diagnosis by identifying the BPSV DNA in samples taken from lesions.

Treatment and Control

There is no specific treatment for BPS. Management focuses on supportive care, ensuring affected animals have access to soft feed to minimize discomfort while eating. Preventive measures include maintaining good biosecurity practices to reduce the risk of introducing the virus into a herd. This includes quarantining new animals, using disinfectants on equipment and facilities, and minimizing contact between young susceptible animals and adults that may be carriers of the virus.

Public Health

BPSV is a zoonotic virus, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. In humans, the virus can cause a condition similar to Orf, leading to the development of papular lesions on the hands or fingers. However, human cases are rare and usually occur in individuals with direct contact with infected animals, such as farmers or veterinarians. Good hygiene practices, including wearing gloves when handling affected animals or their tissues, can reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission.