Bretons

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Percentage of breton speakers in the breton countries in 2004

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Bretons are an ethnic group native to the region of Brittany in France. They trace their origins to the Brittonic-speaking peoples of ancient Britain and the Celtic diaspora, which migrated to Brittany during the Early Middle Ages. The Bretons have a distinct cultural identity, language, and history that set them apart from other French populations. Their culture is particularly noted for its unique music, dance, and folklore, which have been preserved and celebrated in both Brittany and the global Breton diaspora.

History

The history of the Bretons dates back to the post-Roman period when Celtic Britons, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions of Britain, settled in the Armorican peninsula, which would become Brittany. This migration began in the 4th century and continued until the 6th century, leading to the formation of a distinct Breton identity. Throughout the Middle Ages, Brittany remained semi-autonomous, eventually becoming a duchy. The Duchy of Brittany was formally united with the Kingdom of France in 1532, through the Edict of Union.

Language

The Breton language (Brezhoneg), a member of the Brittonic branch of the Celtic languages, is the most significant marker of Breton identity. Despite centuries of linguistic repression and the dominance of French, efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries have led to a revival of interest in Breton. Today, it is taught in schools and universities and is spoken by a minority of the population in Brittany.

Culture

Breton culture is rich and varied, encompassing a wide range of traditions, festivals, and artistic expressions. The Festival Interceltique de Lorient, one of the largest Celtic festivals in the world, showcases Breton music, dance, and cultural heritage. Traditional Breton music often features the Celtic harp, bagpipes, and the bombarde, a type of oboe. Breton dance, with its distinctive group formations and steps, is a central aspect of community gatherings and celebrations.

Religion

Historically, the Bretons have been predominantly Catholic, and the region is dotted with ancient chapels, calvaries, and pilgrimage sites. The Pardon, a traditional Breton form of pilgrimage, reflects the syncretism of Christian and pre-Christian beliefs, with many pardons dedicated to saints of local significance.

Modern Identity and Issues

In contemporary times, the Breton identity continues to evolve. There is a growing movement for greater regional autonomy and the preservation of the Breton language and culture. Economic and social issues, such as unemployment and the centralization of power in Paris, also affect the region. The Breton diaspora, particularly in the Americas and Australia, plays a significant role in promoting Breton culture and heritage worldwide.

See Also

• Celtic nations
• History of Brittany
• Breton language
• Breton music
• Breton dance