Brown spotted reef cod

The brown spotted reef cod or Epinephelus chlorostigma, colloquially referred to as Souman in some locales, Hamour-e Khaldar-e Qahvei in Persian, and more widely known as the brownspotted grouper in English, is an esteemed member of the Serranidae family. This species is remarkable not just for its unique morphology but also for its intriguing behavioral characteristics and its gastronomic value across various cultural cuisines.

Morphological Description

Giant grouper

E. chlorostigma, primarily a coral inhabitant, boasts an impressive stature for its habitat, achieving lengths between 12 to 75 cm and weighing up to 7 kg. The species is adept at swimming, a skill accentuated by its robust pectoral and caudal fins, which also aid in its rapid maneuvering through aquatic terrains.

The fish showcases a muted green-gray tone on its body, which is sporadically dotted with round brown patches. An exception to this pattern is observed on its ventral region, which is noticeably paler. A captivating aspect of this species is its chromatic adaptability, allowing it to match its surroundings when agitated or threatened. This color modulation is complemented by the presence of five dominant dark brown vertical stripes. A striking feature is its expansive mouth, capable of stretching almost equal to its body's breadth.

Dietarily, the E. chlorostigma has a preference for crabs, cuttlefish, and other smaller aquatic fauna. Characterized by its reserved demeanor, this species is a classic ambush predator. It strategically positions itself amid coral structures or near its cave abode, launching a surprise attack on any unwary prey passing by. Predators or threats are often repelled by its menacing act of flaring its extensive mouth.

From a culinary standpoint, in regions like the southern stretches of the Persian Gulf, dishes made from hamour, be it stewed, grilled, or fried, are highly cherished. "Baby hamour", in particular, has achieved gourmet status and is prominently featured in the offerings of many luxury eateries.

Habitat and Ecological Niche

This species predominantly associates itself with coral reefs. It exhibits a penchant for residing within coral cavities or taking refuge amidst rocky fissures. It occupies a depth spectrum ranging from the relatively shallow waters of 4 m, plunging down to depths of approximately 280 m.

Geographical Distribution

The distribution of the brown spotted reef cod is extensive. It is native to the Persian Gulf, spans sections of the Indian Ocean, and stretches towards the westward territories of the Pacific Ocean.

Parasitic Associations

As with many marine organisms, the brown spotted reef cod is susceptible to parasitic infestations. It harbors a diverse range of monogeneans that predominantly settle on its gills. Its digestive tract, notably the intestines, can be colonized by the digenean parasite, Neidhartia lochepintade. The naming convention of this parasite is intriguingly rooted in the New Caledonian designation for the host fish, referred to as "loche pintade".