Bushido

Koboto Santaro, a Japanese military commander Wellcome V0037661

Bushido (武士道, "the way of the warrior") is a Japanese term for the samurai way of life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry. It originates from the samurai moral values, most commonly stressing some combination of frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery, and honor unto death. Born from Neo-Confucianism during the Edo period (1603–1868), Bushido was also influenced by Shinto and Zen Buddhism, allowing the violent existence of the samurai to be tempered by wisdom and serenity. Bushido developed between the 9th to 12th centuries as the code of conduct for samurai warriors, and became formalized in the Edo period.

History

The origins of Bushido can be traced back to the Heian period (794–1185), with the emergence of the samurai class and their role as military retainers of the Japanese daimyos. Its evolution continued through the Kamakura period (1185–1333), where the samurai were increasingly involved in administration and governance, further shaping their code of conduct. The term "Bushido" itself first appeared in the 16th century, although the concepts it embodies were practiced long before.

During the peaceful Edo period, the samurai, now more bureaucrats than warriors, found new relevance for Bushido by emphasizing moral integrity and intellectual development. The Meiji Restoration of 1868, which led to the modernization and industrialization of Japan, saw the formal abolition of the samurai class. However, the ethos of Bushido was repurposed to serve nationalistic and educational purposes, influencing the Japanese military and society at large.

Principles

The principles of Bushido emphasize honor (名誉), loyalty (忠義), and courage (勇気). These principles were not universally agreed upon and varied significantly over time and between different samurai. However, some common values include:

• Rectitude or Justice (義): The strong moral principle and the ability to make the right decision.
• Courage (勇): Not only physical strength but also the bravery to do what is right.
• Benevolence (仁): The power to show mercy and express kindness.
• Respect (礼): Proper behavior and treatment of others.
• Honesty (誠): Truthfulness in all matters.
• Honor (名誉): A vivid consciousness of personal dignity and worth.
• Loyalty (忠義): Absolute fidelity to one's lord or employer.
• Self-Control (自制): The ability to maintain discipline and avoid impulsive behavior.

Influence

Bushido has had a significant impact on Japanese culture and society, influencing everything from business practices to education. The concept of "lifetime employment" in Japanese companies, for example, can be seen as an extension of the loyalty and fidelity aspects of Bushido. In modern times, Bushido principles are still taught in various martial arts, as well as being applied in personal development and leadership training.

Criticism

Critics argue that the Bushido code has been romanticized and its more violent and feudal aspects downplayed. They contend that it has been used to justify militarism and nationalism, particularly during the period leading up to and during World War II.

Legacy

Today, Bushido continues to be a subject of interest both within and outside Japan. It is seen as a window into the Japanese soul, embodying the essence of Japanese cultural values and traditions. While the samurai class no longer exists, the spirit of Bushido lives on in various aspects of Japanese life and continues to inspire people around the world.