CEP290

CEP290 or Centrosomal protein of 290 kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP290 gene. This protein is a crucial component of the centrosomal complex and plays a significant role in the formation of primary cilia, which are vital for cell signaling and sensory functions. Mutations in the CEP290 gene are associated with a wide range of ciliopathies, highlighting its importance in human health and disease.

Function

The CEP290 protein is involved in the assembly and function of the primary cilium, a cellular organelle that extends from the surface of many eukaryotic cells. Primary cilia are essential for various signaling pathways, including those controlling growth and development. By participating in the formation of the ciliary transition zone, CEP290 acts as a gatekeeper, regulating the protein composition within the cilium and thereby influencing ciliary signaling processes.

Genetic Association with Diseases

Mutations in the CEP290 gene have been linked to a spectrum of genetic disorders, collectively termed ciliopathies. These include:

• Joubert syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by the underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis and a distinctive brain stem malformation known as the "molar tooth sign."
• Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA): A severe form of inherited retinal dystrophy leading to early childhood blindness.
• Meckel-Gruber syndrome: A lethal ciliopathy presenting with kidney cysts, polydactyly, and central nervous system malformations.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome: A multisystemic disorder affecting many parts of the body, with symptoms including retinal dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, and kidney abnormalities.

The wide range of disorders associated with CEP290 mutations underscores the protein's critical role in ciliary function and the diverse consequences of its dysfunction.

Molecular Biology

The CEP290 gene is located on chromosome 12q21.32 and consists of 54 exons. The encoded protein, CEP290, has multiple coiled-coil domains, which are indicative of its role in structural and functional organization within the cell. It interacts with various other proteins within the centrosome and the base of the cilium, facilitating the assembly and maintenance of the ciliary structure.

Clinical Significance

Given the critical role of CEP290 in ciliopathies, understanding its function and the pathways it influences can provide insights into potential therapeutic targets. Gene therapy approaches are being explored for conditions like Leber congenital amaurosis, with promising results in early clinical trials. These advances highlight the potential for targeted treatments for diseases associated with CEP290 mutations.

Research Directions

Ongoing research aims to further elucidate the precise mechanisms by which CEP290 mutations lead to ciliopathies. Studies are also focused on identifying potential modifiers of disease severity and exploring novel therapeutic strategies, including gene editing and drug repurposing, to mitigate the effects of dysfunctional CEP290.

External Links

• NCBI Gene: CEP290
• Genetics Home Reference: CEP290