CYR61

CYR61 (Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61), also known as CCN1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYR61 gene. It is a member of the CCN family of secreted, matrix-associated proteins that play a pivotal role in cardiovascular and skeletal development, angiogenesis, and wound healing. CYR61 is involved in various cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Its expression is tightly regulated and occurs in response to a variety of growth factors and cytokines.

Function

CYR61 is a matricellular protein that mediates cell-matrix interactions. It binds to integrins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, leading to the activation of various signaling pathways that control cell behavior. CYR61 is a potent angiogenic factor, promoting endothelial cell proliferation and migration, which are essential steps in the formation of new blood vessels. This protein also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation and the immune response, as well as in the process of tissue repair and fibrosis.

Gene and Expression

The CYR61 gene is located on chromosome 1p22.3 and consists of multiple exons. The gene's expression is induced by several factors, including hypoxia, growth factors (such as VEGF and FGF), and cytokines (such as TNF-alpha and IL-6). CYR61 expression has been observed in various tissues, particularly those undergoing remodeling or repair, and in certain pathological conditions, such as cancer, where it can have either pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic effects depending on the context.

Clinical Significance

Due to its role in angiogenesis and tissue repair, CYR61 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and fibrotic disorders. In cancer, CYR61 can influence tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Its expression levels in tumors have been associated with patient prognosis in several types of cancer. In cardiovascular diseases, CYR61 contributes to the processes of atherosclerosis and restenosis following vascular injury. In fibrotic disorders, the protein's involvement in tissue repair and fibrosis has been a focus of research, with implications for the development of therapeutic strategies.

Therapeutic Potential

Given its role in angiogenesis, wound healing, and tissue remodeling, CYR61 represents a potential therapeutic target. Modulating CYR61 activity could be beneficial in treating diseases characterized by excessive or insufficient angiogenesis and fibrosis. However, the dual roles of CYR61 in various processes and diseases necessitate a careful approach to targeting this protein, as interventions could have unintended consequences.

See Also

• Angiogenesis
• Integrin
• Matrix metalloproteinase
• Fibrosis
• Vascular endothelial growth factor