Cantilever

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Cantilever examples

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ForthBridgeEdinburgh

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Pierre Pflimlin Bridge UC Adjusted

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Howrah Bridge

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Cantilever is an architectural and structural design element that projects horizontally into space, supported on only one end. Unlike beams supported at both ends, cantilevers are held up by a pillar, wall, or other forms of structural support on only one end. This design allows for overhanging structures without external bracing, offering a clear space underneath the extended arm. Cantilevers are widely used in various engineering fields, including construction, bridges, and even in furniture design.

History

The concept of the cantilever has been used since ancient times, with early examples seen in balconies and large overhanging structures in Asian architecture. However, the modern use of cantilevers in engineering and architecture became prominent in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the advent of steel construction and reinforced concrete. This period saw the design and construction of significant cantilever bridges and buildings, showcasing the structural capabilities and aesthetic possibilities of cantilevered designs.

Principles

The fundamental principle behind a cantilever is the use of leverage to extend a beam or slab into space. The load applied to the extended part of the structure is transferred through the beam to the support, where it is resisted by moment forces and shear stresses. This requires careful design to ensure that the structure remains stable and does not overturn or fail under load.

Applications

Architecture

In architecture, cantilevers are used to create balconies, canopies, and overhangs that project into space without visible supports, creating a visually striking effect. Modern examples include the Fallingwater house by Frank Lloyd Wright, which famously uses cantilevers to extend over a natural waterfall.

Bridges

Cantilever bridges are a common application, where sections of the bridge are built extending from piers towards the center until they meet. This method allows for the construction of large spans without the need for temporary supports in the water. The Quebec Bridge in Canada is one of the most famous examples of a cantilever bridge.

Furniture

Cantilever principles are also applied in furniture design, where chairs or shelves extend into space without apparent support at the free end, offering a sleek and modern aesthetic.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The use of cantilevers in design offers several advantages, including the ability to span large distances without support in the middle, creating open spaces beneath the structure. This can be particularly useful in bridge construction or in buildings where open floor plans are desired. However, cantilevered structures can be more susceptible to vibrations and require careful engineering to ensure stability and structural integrity.

Notable Examples

- The Fallingwater house by Frank Lloyd Wright - The Quebec Bridge in Canada - The Forth Bridge in Scotland, a cantilever railway bridge

See Also

- Beam - Structural engineering - Architectural engineering

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