Cervid alphaherpesvirus 1

Cervid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CvHV-1) is a species of virus in the genus Varicellovirus, which is part of the family Herpesviridae. This virus primarily infects members of the family Cervidae, which includes deer, elk, and related species. CvHV-1 is closely related to other alphaherpesviruses, such as Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), which causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle.

Virology

CvHV-1 is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. The virus is characterized by its ability to establish latent infections in its host, a common feature of alphaherpesviruses. During latency, the viral genome persists in the host's nervous tissue without causing apparent disease. Reactivation of the virus can occur under stress or immunosuppression, leading to viral shedding and potential transmission.

Pathogenesis

Infection with CvHV-1 can lead to respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, and reproductive disorders in cervids. Clinical signs may include nasal discharge, coughing, and ocular lesions. In pregnant animals, the virus can cause abortion or stillbirth. The severity of the disease can vary depending on the host species and the presence of other stressors or infections.

Transmission

CvHV-1 is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions. The virus can be spread via respiratory droplets, contact with contaminated surfaces, or venereal transmission. Infected animals can shed the virus even when asymptomatic, contributing to its spread within cervid populations.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of CvHV-1 infection can be achieved through a combination of clinical signs, serological tests, and molecular techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are commonly used to detect viral DNA in clinical samples. Serological tests can identify antibodies against the virus, indicating exposure or infection.

Prevention and Control

Preventing the spread of CvHV-1 involves biosecurity measures such as isolating infected animals, controlling animal movement, and maintaining good hygiene practices. Vaccination strategies have been explored, but no commercial vaccines are currently available for CvHV-1.

Also see

• Herpesviridae
• Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1
• Varicellovirus
• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis