Cesarian section

Cesarean Section

A Cesarean section (C-section) is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. It is typically performed when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or baby at risk.

Indications

Cesarean sections may be planned (elective) or performed as an emergency procedure. Common indications include:

• Fetal distress
• Abnormal fetal positions, such as breech presentation
• Placenta previa
• Cephalopelvic disproportion
• Multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.)
• Previous cesarean delivery
• Maternal health conditions, such as preeclampsia or active genital herpes

Procedure

The procedure typically involves the following steps:

Preparation

• The patient is given anesthesia, usually a regional block such as a spinal or epidural.
• The abdomen is cleaned and draped with sterile coverings.

Incision

• A horizontal incision, known as a Pfannenstiel incision, is made just above the pubic hairline.
• The abdominal muscles are separated, and the peritoneum is opened to access the uterus.

Delivery

• A uterine incision is made, often transverse, to minimize bleeding and facilitate healing.
• The baby is delivered through the incision, and the umbilical cord is clamped and cut.

Closure

• The placenta is removed, and the uterine incision is closed with sutures.
• The abdominal layers are closed in reverse order, and the skin is sutured or stapled.

Recovery

Recovery from a cesarean section typically involves a hospital stay of 2-4 days. Pain management, monitoring for complications, and support for breastfeeding are important aspects of post-operative care.

Risks and Complications

While generally safe, cesarean sections carry risks such as:

• Infection
• Hemorrhage
• Blood clots
• Injury to surrounding organs
• Adhesions
• Increased risk in future pregnancies

Historical Context

The cesarean section has a long history, with references dating back to ancient times. The procedure has evolved significantly with advances in surgical techniques and anesthesia, improving safety and outcomes.

See Also

• Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC)
• Obstetrics
• Anesthesia in childbirth

References

• "Cesarean Section." American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
• "Cesarean Delivery." World Health Organization.

External Links

• ACOG - American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
• World Health Organization