Champlevé

Armlet Resurrection Louvre OA8261

Ornamental Bronze Plaque, Celtic Horse-gear, Santon, Norfolk

Staffordshire Moorlands Pan (1284837406)

Limoges enamel ciborium pseudo Kufic circa 1200

Reliquary Thomas Becket MNMA Cl23296

Champlevé is an enameling technique in the decorative arts, or an object made by this process, in which troughs or cells are carved, etched, die-struck, or cast into the surface of a metal object, and filled with vitreous enamel. The piece is then fired until the enamel fuses, and after cooling, the surface of the object is polished. The uncarved portions of the original surface remain visible as a frame for the enamel designs; these are usually exposed metal, but they can also be left as an additional color of enamel.

The term champlevé comes from the French for "raised field", "field" meaning background, though the technique in its various forms has been used in many cultures around the world. Historically significant examples include works from the Celtic, Medieval, and Renaissance periods in Europe, particularly within the geographical bounds of what is now France and the British Isles, where the technique was extensively used to decorate items such as jewelry, religious relics, and ceremonial objects.

History

Champlevé has a long history, with early examples dating back to the Celtic period. The technique became particularly prominent in Europe during the Middle Ages, where it was used to decorate everything from small jewelry pieces to large liturgical items like crosiers and reliquaries. The Renaissance period saw a decline in the use of champlevé, as other enameling techniques, such as cloisonné and painted enamel, became more popular. However, it experienced a revival in the 19th century during the Arts and Crafts movement and the Art Nouveau period, where its handcrafted appeal was valued.

Technique

The champlevé technique involves creating recesses or cells in a metal object by engraving, etching, or casting. These cells are then filled with enamel powder, which is a colored glass paste. The object is fired at a high temperature, which melts the enamel, allowing it to fuse to the metal. After cooling, the surface is polished to make the enamel areas flush with the metal, creating a smooth, finished piece. The contrast between the glossy enamel and the metal can create striking visual effects.

Materials

The metals most commonly used in champlevé are bronze, copper, gold, and silver. The choice of metal affects the final appearance of the piece, as different metals interact differently with the enamels. The colors of the enamel can vary widely, with artisans often using multiple colors to create intricate designs.

Significance

Champlevé is significant not only for its aesthetic appeal but also for its historical importance. Many champlevé pieces are considered important artifacts that provide insight into the cultures and periods in which they were made. The technique is also valued for its craftsmanship, as it requires a high level of skill and artistry to execute effectively.

Contemporary Use

Today, champlevé continues to be used by jewelers and metalworkers who appreciate the technique's historical significance and aesthetic possibilities. It is taught in some art schools and practiced by artisans dedicated to preserving traditional metalworking techniques.