Cloisonné

Pectoral and Necklace of Sithathoryunet with the Name of Senwosret II MET 16.1.3 front detail

Cloisonneming

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Medallion St Demetrios Louvre OA6457

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Cloisonné is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects. The decoration is formed by first adding compartments (cloisons in French) to the metal object by soldering or adhering silver or gold wires or thin strips placed on their edges. These compartments are then filled with enamel paste, and the object is fired in a kiln. The result is a colorful and intricate design that is both durable and visually striking.

History

Cloisonné has a long history, with origins tracing back to the Ancient Near East. The technique was later adopted and refined by the Byzantine Empire, and it spread to other regions, including China, Japan, and Europe. Each culture has developed its own unique style and methods of cloisonné production.

Ancient Near East

The earliest known examples of cloisonné date back to the Ancient Near East, where it was used to decorate jewelry and small objects. The technique involved creating small compartments on a metal surface, which were then filled with colored glass or gemstones.

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire played a significant role in the development of cloisonné. Byzantine artisans perfected the technique and used it extensively to decorate religious objects, such as icons and reliquaries. The use of gold and precious stones in Byzantine cloisonné made these objects highly prized.

China

Cloisonné reached China during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), where it became highly popular. Chinese artisans adapted the technique to create large and elaborate pieces, such as vases, bowls, and incense burners. The Chinese style of cloisonné is characterized by its use of bright colors and intricate designs.

Japan

In Japan, cloisonné is known as shippō (七宝). Japanese artisans began producing cloisonné during the Edo period (1603–1868). Japanese cloisonné is renowned for its delicate and detailed designs, often featuring natural motifs such as flowers and birds.

Technique

The process of creating cloisonné involves several steps:

1. Designing: The artist creates a design, which is then transferred onto the metal object.
2. Creating cloisons: Thin metal wires or strips are shaped and attached to the metal surface to form the compartments.
3. Applying enamel: Enamel paste is carefully applied to each compartment.
4. Firing: The object is fired in a kiln to melt the enamel and fuse it to the metal.
5. Polishing: The surface is polished to achieve a smooth and glossy finish.

Modern Use

Today, cloisonné remains a popular decorative art form. It is used to create a wide range of objects, from jewelry to large decorative pieces. Modern cloisonné artists continue to innovate, experimenting with new materials and techniques while preserving the traditional methods.

See also

• Enamel
• Metalworking
• Byzantine art
• Chinese art
• Japanese art