Byzantine art

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Byzantine art refers to the body of Christian Greek artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. This art is characterized by a combination of classical Greek and Roman elements with Christian themes and iconography.

History

Byzantine art began with the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD and continued until the fall of the city to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The art of this period is divided into three main periods: the Early Byzantine (330-843), the Middle Byzantine (843-1204), and the Late Byzantine (1204-1453).

Early Byzantine Period

The Early Byzantine period saw the development of a distinct style that combined classical forms with new Christian themes. Notable works from this period include the mosaics of the Hagia Sophia and the Ravenna churches.

Middle Byzantine Period

The Middle Byzantine period is marked by the restoration of the use of icons after the Iconoclasm controversy. This period saw the flourishing of mosaic and fresco art, with significant works such as the mosaics of the Monastery of Hosios Loukas.

Late Byzantine Period

The Late Byzantine period was characterized by a revival of classical themes and a greater emphasis on naturalism. Important works from this period include the frescoes of the Chora Church in Constantinople.

Characteristics

Byzantine art is known for its highly stylized and symbolic nature. Key characteristics include:

• Use of gold leaf in mosaics and icons
• Elongated figures with almond-shaped eyes
• Hieratic scale, where the size of figures indicates their importance
• Extensive use of religious iconography

Iconography

Icons are a significant aspect of Byzantine art. These religious images are venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church and are believed to be a window to the divine. Common subjects include Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and various saints.

Architecture

Byzantine architecture is noted for its central-dome structures, such as the Hagia Sophia. This architectural style influenced the development of Orthodox church architecture in Eastern Europe and Russia.

Legacy

Byzantine art had a profound influence on the art and architecture of the Orthodox Christian world, including Russia, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Its impact can also be seen in the Renaissance through the works of artists who were inspired by its techniques and iconography.

Related Pages

• Eastern Roman Empire
• Constantinople
• Hagia Sophia
• Iconoclasm
• Eastern Orthodox Church
• Orthodox church architecture
• Renaissance