Charles Eastman

American physician, writer, and reformer

Charles Eastman in traditional attire

Charles Alexander Eastman (born Hakadah, later named Ohiyesa; February 19, 1858 – January 8, 1939) was a Native American physician, writer, and reformer. He was one of the first Native Americans to be certified as a doctor, and he worked tirelessly to improve the lives of Native American people through his medical practice, writing, and advocacy.

Early Life and Education

Charles Eastman was born in a Sioux village near Redwood Falls, Minnesota. His father, Jacob Eastman, was a Dakota who had converted to Christianity, and his mother, Mary Nancy Eastman, was of mixed European American and Native American ancestry. After his mother's death, Eastman was raised by his grandmother and uncle in traditional Dakota ways.

Eastman was initially named Hakadah, meaning "the pitiful last," as he was the last of his siblings. After surviving a difficult childhood, he was given the name Ohiyesa, meaning "the winner." His father, who had been presumed dead, returned to the family and encouraged Eastman to pursue an education.

Eastman attended Dartmouth College, where he excelled academically and graduated in 1887. He then went on to study medicine at Boston University, earning his medical degree in 1890.

Medical Career

Charles Eastman in later years

After completing his medical education, Eastman worked as a physician for the Bureau of Indian Affairs at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. He was present during the aftermath of the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, where he provided medical care to the wounded.

Eastman's experiences at Pine Ridge deeply influenced his views on the treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government. He became an advocate for Native American rights and worked to improve healthcare and education for Native communities.

Writing and Advocacy

Eastman was a prolific writer, publishing several books and articles that highlighted Native American culture and issues. His works include "Indian Boyhood" (1902), "The Soul of the Indian" (1911), and "From the Deep Woods to Civilization" (1916). These writings provided a unique perspective on Native American life and sought to bridge the gap between Native and non-Native cultures.

Eastman was also active in the Society of American Indians, an organization dedicated to promoting the rights and welfare of Native Americans. He traveled extensively, lecturing on Native American issues and advocating for policy changes.

Personal Life

Eastman married Elaine Goodale, a poet and educator, in 1891. The couple had six children and worked together on various projects related to Native American education and welfare.

Legacy

Dr. Charles A. Eastman in his later years

Charles Eastman's contributions to medicine, literature, and Native American advocacy have left a lasting impact. He is remembered as a pioneer who worked to improve the lives of Native Americans and to foster understanding between cultures.

Eastman's life and work continue to inspire those who seek to promote social justice and cultural understanding.

Related Pages

• Native American history
• Wounded Knee Massacre
• Society of American Indians
• Dakota people