Chlorinated camphene

Chlorinated camphene is a synthetic compound that is primarily used as a pesticide. It is also known as Toxaphene, a name that is derived from its toxic nature and its chemical structure, which is similar to that of camphene.

History

Chlorinated camphene was first synthesized in the early 20th century. Its use as a pesticide began in the 1940s, when it was discovered to be effective against a wide range of insects. However, due to its high toxicity and persistence in the environment, its use has been heavily regulated and in many countries, it is now banned.

Chemical Structure and Properties

Chlorinated camphene is a complex mixture of chlorinated derivatives of camphene, a terpene that is found in many plants. The exact composition of chlorinated camphene can vary, but it typically contains between 67 and 69 percent chlorine. It is a yellow to amber-colored solid that has a characteristic piney odor.

Uses

The primary use of chlorinated camphene is as a pesticide. It is particularly effective against cotton pests, such as the boll weevil, and against pests of other crops, such as corn and soybeans. It is also used to control pests in livestock and poultry.

Health Effects

Exposure to chlorinated camphene can have serious health effects. It is a known carcinogen and can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. It can also cause skin irritation and eye damage.

Environmental Impact

Chlorinated camphene is highly persistent in the environment and can remain in soil and water for many years. It is also bioaccumulative, meaning it can build up in the tissues of organisms over time. This can lead to harmful effects on wildlife, particularly birds and fish.

Regulation

Due to its high toxicity and environmental persistence, the use of chlorinated camphene is heavily regulated. In the United States, it was banned for most uses in 1982. It is also banned in many other countries, including those in the European Union.