Christendom

Christianity percent population in each nation World Map Christian data by Pew Research

T and O map Guntherus Ziner 1472

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Spread of Christianity to AD 600 (1)

Christian World—Pew Research Center 2010

Christendom has historically referred to the global community of Christians, the people and societies where Christianity is practiced and holds cultural significance. The term is derived from the Latin Christianus, meaning "pertaining to Christ". It encompasses various denominations, traditions, and practices that have developed since the faith's inception in the 1st century AD. Christendom has played a significant role in shaping Western civilization, influencing aspects such as law, ethics, arts, and education.

History

The history of Christendom is often divided into several periods, each marked by significant events, theological developments, and cultural shifts.

Early Christendom

The early period of Christendom began with the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and the subsequent spread of Christianity by his disciples, particularly through the efforts of the Apostle Paul. Initially, Christianity was a small, persecuted sect within the Roman Empire, but it gradually grew in numbers and influence.

Constantinian Shift

The Constantinian Shift refers to the transformation of Christianity from a persecuted religion to one endorsed by the state, beginning with the conversion of Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century. The Edict of Milan in 313 AD granted religious tolerance throughout the empire, significantly impacting the spread and institutional structure of Christianity.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, Christendom expanded across Europe, becoming the dominant religious and cultural force. This period saw the establishment of the Papacy's authority, the founding of monastic orders, and the spread of Christianity to the northern and eastern regions of Europe. The Crusades, aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim control, also occurred during this time, reflecting the martial spirit of medieval Christendom.

Reformation and Counter-Reformation

The 16th century witnessed the Protestant Reformation, a movement that led to the creation of new Christian denominations and significantly altered the religious landscape of Europe. Figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged the authority and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to religious conflicts and changes in governance. The Counter-Reformation, led by the Catholic Church, sought to address these challenges and reform its practices.

Modern Era

In the modern era, Christendom has faced new challenges and transformations, including secularization, the rise of atheism and agnosticism, and the expansion of Christianity to non-Western cultures. The 20th century saw significant ecumenical movements aimed at fostering unity among Christian denominations.

Impact on Society

Christendom has had a profound impact on the development of Western society. Its influence can be seen in the legal and ethical systems of many countries, the establishment of universities and hospitals, and contributions to art, music, and literature. The Christian moral framework has shaped notions of justice, human rights, and the dignity of the individual.

Contemporary Challenges

Today, Christendom faces numerous challenges, including declining membership in traditional denominations, ethical controversies, and the need for dialogue with other religions and secular worldviews. Despite these challenges, Christianity remains a major religious and cultural force worldwide.

See Also

• History of Christianity
• Western civilization
• Secularization
• Ecumenism