Chromaffin cell

Adrenaline

Norepinephrine structure

Catecholamine biosynthesis

Chromaffin cells are specialized cells found in the adrenal medulla, part of the adrenal gland. They are neuroendocrine cells, meaning they have characteristics of both nerve cells and endocrine cells. Chromaffin cells are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of catecholamines, which include adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones play a critical role in the body's fight-or-flight response to stress.

Structure and Function

Chromaffin cells are derived from the neural crest cells during development. They are large, polygonal cells that are organized around blood vessels. The name "chromaffin" comes from the cells' ability to stain brown with chromium salts, a property used in histological studies to identify them.

The primary function of chromaffin cells is to produce and release catecholamines into the bloodstream. This process is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. When an individual is faced with a stressful situation, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the chromaffin cells via the preganglionic nerve fibers. This stimulation leads to the release of catecholamines, which prepare the body for a rapid response to the stressor.

Biochemical Pathway

The synthesis of catecholamines in chromaffin cells involves several steps. It starts with the amino acid tyrosine, which is taken up by the cells and converted into L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is then converted into dopamine, which is subsequently turned into noradrenaline. In some chromaffin cells, noradrenaline is further converted into adrenaline by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT).

Clinical Significance

Chromaffin cells are of clinical interest because they can give rise to tumors known as pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Pheochromocytomas are tumors of the adrenal medulla that can secrete excessive amounts of catecholamines, leading to hypertension, palpitations, and a range of other symptoms. Paragangliomas are similar tumors that arise from chromaffin cells located outside the adrenal gland.

Research and Applications

Research on chromaffin cells has contributed significantly to our understanding of neuroendocrine signaling and the molecular mechanisms of stress response. Studies on chromaffin cells have also led to the development of treatments for hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases associated with excessive catecholamine secretion.