Citron

Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main Citrus cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa (Fuller et al., 2017)

A species of citrus fruit (Citrus sarcodactylis Hort. Bog.); Wellcome V0042687

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Citron Balady Etrog Simanim

Halv sukat

Citron (Citrus medica) is a species of citrus fruit from the Rutaceae family. It is one of the four original citrus fruits (the others being pomelo, mandarin orange, and papeda), from which all other citrus types developed through natural hybrid speciation or artificial hybridization. The citron is a large, fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind, used primarily for its zest and in the production of candied fruit. It is also notable for its importance in many cultural and religious ceremonies around the world.

Description

The citron tree is small, evergreen, and grows up to 3-4 meters in height. Its leaves are dark green with a glossy texture and are notably larger than those of other citrus trees. The fruit itself is oblong, typically with a pronounced nipple at the apex, and can vary significantly in size and shape. The rind is thick and leathery, containing a high amount of essential oils, giving the fruit its distinctive aroma. Unlike other citrus fruits, the citron's pulp is minimal, dry, and not very juicy. The fruit is primarily valued for its zest and the thick white pith, which is less bitter than that of other citrus fruits.

Cultivation

Citron is cultivated in subtropical regions worldwide, with significant production in India, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Mediterranean. It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soil and a climate with a pronounced dry season to reduce the risk of fungal diseases. Citron trees are propagated primarily through grafting, as seed propagation can result in significant genetic variability.

Uses

The citron's thick rind is used in the culinary world, most notably in the production of candied fruit. The rind is also used to make citron tea and is added to various dishes for its aromatic qualities. In addition to its culinary uses, the citron has religious significance in Judaism, where it is one of the four species used in the Sukkot festival. The fruit is also used in traditional medicine in some cultures, believed to have various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

Cultural Significance

The citron has a rich history and is one of the earliest known fruits in the citrus family. Historical texts and archaeological findings suggest that it was used in ancient Greece and Rome for medicinal purposes and as a symbol of prosperity and fertility. In Jewish tradition, the citron, or etrog, is a symbol of purity and is used during the Sukkot festival in a ritual known as the waving of the Lulav and Etrog.

Conservation

While the citron is not currently listed as endangered, its cultivation is limited compared to other citrus fruits, and it faces threats from habitat loss, pests, and diseases. Conservation efforts focus on preserving traditional varieties and cultivation techniques, particularly in regions where the citron holds significant cultural importance.