Clitocybe

Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms found within the family Tricholomataceae. The name Clitocybe means "sloping head", which is indicative of the typical shape of these mushrooms, often featuring caps with depressed centers. This genus is known for its wide distribution, encompassing a variety of habitats around the world, including forests and grasslands. The mushrooms belonging to this genus are characterized by their gilled fungi, with the gills running down the stem (decurrent), a feature that aids in their identification.

Description

Members of the Clitocybe genus typically have white, cream, or light-colored spores. The mushrooms have caps that can range from small to large, with a variety of shapes but often featuring a central depression or funnel shape as they mature. The gills are usually closely packed and run down the stem, a characteristic known as being decurrent. The stems of these mushrooms are often smooth and without a ring.

Ecology

Clitocybe species are primarily saprotrophic, playing a crucial role in their ecosystems by decomposing leaf litter and dead wood. They are found in both deciduous and coniferous forests, contributing to the nutrient cycle by breaking down organic matter. Some species are known to form mycorrhizal relationships with plants, aiding in nutrient exchange and improving soil health.

Edibility and Toxicity

The edibility of Clitocybe species varies widely, with some being edible and others containing toxins. Notably, several species contain muscarine, a toxin that can cause severe symptoms if ingested. Among the most dangerous is Clitocybe dealbata, also known as the ivory funnel, which is responsible for muscarine poisonings. Due to the difficulty in distinguishing between species, caution is advised when foraging mushrooms from this genus.

Species

The Clitocybe genus comprises a large number of species, with new ones being described regularly as mycological research progresses. Some well-known species include:

• Clitocybe nebularis - The clouded agaric, known for its large, grey caps and common occurrence in autumn.
• Clitocybe odora - Distinguished by its anise-like odor, this species is considered edible.
• Clitocybe dealbata - Known for its toxicity, this species contains dangerous levels of muscarine.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the Clitocybe genus has been subject to revision, with molecular studies revealing complex relationships within the Tricholomataceae family. Some species traditionally classified within Clitocybe are being reevaluated and, in some cases, moved to other genera. This ongoing research is reshaping our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within this group of mushrooms.

Conservation

The conservation status of Clitocybe species varies, with some being common and widespread, while others are rare and may be threatened by habitat loss and environmental changes. Conservation efforts are important to preserve the biodiversity and ecological roles of these fungi.

Clitocybe
Mycological characteristics
	gills on hymenium
	lacks a stipe
	ecology is saprotrophic