Colonised

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Colonisation (or colonization) refers to the process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components. Colonisation is often associated with the expansion of territories and the subjugation of peoples. The term is derived from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonization is historically linked to the cultivation of land.

History

The history of colonization is often discussed in terms of the major waves of European expansion that took place from the 15th century onward. This period, sometimes referred to as the Age of Discovery, was marked by the exploration and claiming of territories by European powers such as Spain, Portugal, England, and later France and the Netherlands. These colonial empires established colonies in vastly diverse regions including the Americas, Africa, and Asia, fundamentally reshaping the world's geopolitical landscape.

Types of Colonization

Colonization can be categorized into different types, including:

• Settler colonization: Where large numbers of colonists settle in a new region. Examples include the European colonization of North America, Australia, and New Zealand.
• Exploitation colonization: Where the focus is on extracting resources from the colonized region, often with little regard for the welfare of the indigenous populations. The Belgian exploitation in the Congo Free State is an infamous example.
• Surrogate colonization: Where a power colonizes a region through a proxy state rather than direct control. An example is the use of the Manchukuo state by Japan during its imperial period.

Impact

The impact of colonization has been profound and multifaceted, affecting social structures, economies, and cultures around the globe. Its legacy includes the spread of languages, religions, and legal systems, but also conflicts, social divisions, and economic disparities.

Cultural Impact

Colonization has led to significant cultural exchanges, including the spread of Christianity, the English language, and European legal systems. However, it has also resulted in the suppression of local cultures, languages, and traditions.

Economic Impact

Economically, colonization often resulted in the establishment of trade networks that were heavily skewed in favor of the colonizing power. The extraction of valuable resources and exploitation of local labor were common.

Political Impact

Politically, colonization often led to the establishment of new state boundaries that did not necessarily reflect the historical or ethnic compositions of the regions they divided, leading to long-term conflicts in some areas.

Decolonization

The process of decolonization, which began in earnest after World War II, saw many former colonies attain independence, though the legacies of colonization continue to affect these countries. The United Nations has played a significant role in supporting decolonization efforts through its Decolonization Committee.

Contemporary Issues

In contemporary settings, the term colonization can also refer to the cultural domination by one group over another, often seen in the context of globalization. Discussions around cultural colonization often involve debates over the influence of Western media and businesses on local cultures.

See also

• Imperialism
• Colonialism
• Post-colonialism