Colorectal polyps

Colorectal polyps are growths on the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) or rectum. They are a common finding during colonoscopy and can vary in size and number. While most colorectal polyps are benign, some can evolve into colorectal cancer, making their detection and removal an important preventive measure.

Types

Colorectal polyps can be classified into several types, based on their histology and growth pattern:

• Adenomatous polyps (adenomas) - These are the most common type and have the potential to turn into cancer. They are further classified into tubular, villous, and tubulovillous adenomas.
• Hyperplastic polyps - Generally considered to have no malignant potential.
• Inflammatory polyps - Often associated with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
• Hamartomatous polyps - These can occur as part of genetic syndromes, such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and juvenile polyposis syndrome.

Symptoms

Most colorectal polyps do not cause symptoms and are often found incidentally during screening or diagnostic procedures. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Blood in the stool
• Abdominal pain
• Changes in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea)
• Iron-deficiency anemia

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing colorectal polyps:

• Age (over 50 years)
• Family history of colorectal polyps or cancer
• Genetic syndromes
• Lifestyle factors (diet high in red meat and fat, low in fiber, smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity)
• Certain conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease

Diagnosis

Colorectal polyps are most commonly diagnosed through:

• Colonoscopy - A procedure that allows direct visualization and removal of polyps.
• Sigmoidoscopy - Similar to a colonoscopy but examines only the lower part of the colon.
• Computed Tomography (CT) Colonography - A less invasive imaging technique that can detect polyps, but cannot remove them.

Treatment

The primary treatment for colorectal polyps is removal, typically performed during a colonoscopy using various techniques such as snare polypectomy or endoscopic mucosal resection. Following removal, polyps are sent for histological examination to determine their type and whether any cancerous changes are present.

Prevention

Preventive measures for colorectal polyps include:

• Regular screening starting at age 50, or earlier for those with increased risk
• A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Regular physical activity
• Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption

See Also

• Colorectal Cancer
• Colonoscopy
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Genetic Syndromes Associated with Colorectal Cancer

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