Commodus as Hercules

Commodus Musei Capitolini MC1120

Commodus as Hercules is a notable representation of the Roman Emperor Commodus (AD 161–192), showcasing him in the guise of Hercules, the Roman god of strength and heroes. This portrayal is emblematic of Commodus's attempt to associate himself with the divine hero, reflecting his desire for deification and the conflation of his rule with mythological heroism. The depiction of Commodus as Hercules is a significant example of Roman imperial propaganda and its use in shaping the emperor's public image.

Background

Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius, was Roman Emperor from AD 180 to 192. Unlike his father, who is remembered as a philosopher-king, Commodus's reign is often characterized by historians as a period of decline, marked by his erratic behavior and attempts to present himself as a living god. Commodus's fascination with Hercules played a crucial role in his self-representation strategies. Hercules, known for his strength and for completing the twelve labors, was a symbol of heroism and divine favor in Roman culture.

Depiction

The most famous depiction of Commodus as Hercules is a marble bust, which shows the emperor wearing the Nemean lion's skin, a symbol closely associated with Hercules. This bust, along with coins and other artistic representations, served to reinforce Commodus's divine status and his self-identification with Hercules. In these depictions, Commodus is often shown with the attributes of Hercules, including the club and the apples of the Hesperides, further emphasizing his desired connection to the hero's divine strength and accomplishments.

Interpretation

The portrayal of Commodus as Hercules was not merely an artistic choice but a deliberate act of political and religious significance. By aligning himself with Hercules, Commodus sought to legitimize his rule and elevate his status above that of a mere mortal. This association also served to communicate his supposed divine favor and invincibility, qualities that were important for maintaining authority and control. However, this self-deification also contributed to his unpopularity and was seen by many as an indication of his megalomania and detachment from reality.

Legacy

The legacy of Commodus's depiction as Hercules is twofold. On one hand, it represents one of the most vivid examples of Roman imperial propaganda and the use of mythology to support the emperor's rule. On the other hand, it is a testament to the eventual downfall of Commodus, whose reign is often cited as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire. The image of Commodus as Hercules remains a subject of interest for historians and scholars, symbolizing the complexities of his character and reign.

See Also

• Roman mythology
• Imperial cult (ancient Rome)
• Propaganda in ancient Rome