Congenital HIV
=Congenital HIV =
Congenital HIV, also known as perinatal HIV, refers to the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This condition is a significant public health concern, particularly in regions with high prevalence of HIV.
Transmission[edit | edit source]
Congenital HIV can occur through several pathways:
- In utero transmission: The virus can cross the placenta during pregnancy, infecting the fetus.
- Intrapartum transmission: During childbirth, the infant can be exposed to the virus present in the mother's blood and genital secretions.
- Postnatal transmission: HIV can be transmitted through breastfeeding if the mother is HIV-positive.
Prevention[edit | edit source]
Preventing congenital HIV involves several strategies:
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the mother during pregnancy and labor significantly reduces the risk of transmission.
- Elective cesarean section may be recommended to reduce the risk of transmission during delivery.
- Avoidance of breastfeeding by using formula milk if safe alternatives are available.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosing congenital HIV in infants involves:
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect the presence of HIV DNA or RNA in the infant's blood.
- Antibody tests are not reliable in newborns due to the presence of maternal antibodies.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in infants diagnosed with HIV is crucial. Treatment regimens typically include:
- A combination of antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent disease progression.
- Regular monitoring of viral load and CD4 counts to assess treatment efficacy.
Prognosis[edit | edit source]
With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, children with congenital HIV can lead relatively normal lives. However, without treatment, the disease can progress rapidly, leading to severe immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections.
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
The incidence of congenital HIV has decreased significantly in regions with effective prevention programs. However, it remains a challenge in areas with limited access to healthcare and antiretroviral drugs.
See Also[edit | edit source]
- HIV/AIDS
- Mother-to-child transmission of HIV
- Antiretroviral therapy
- World Health Organization. (2023). Guidelines on HIV and infant feeding.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). HIV among pregnant women, infants, and children.
NIH genetic and rare disease info[edit source]
Congenital HIV is a rare disease.
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
