Copper(I) cyanide
Copper(I) cyanide is a chemical compound with the formula CuCN. This white solid occurs in two polymorphs; an amorphous form that is insoluble in water and a crystalline form that is slightly soluble. Copper(I) cyanide is used in copper plating and as a reagent in the preparation of nitriles and organic cyanides. It is notable for its role in the cyanide process of gold extraction.
Properties[edit | edit source]
Copper(I) cyanide has a molecular weight of 89.563 g/mol and a density of 2.9 g/cm^3. It decomposes upon heating, producing toxic fumes of cyanide and copper compounds. Its solubility in water is minimal, but it is soluble in solutions containing cyanide ions, forming complexes.
Synthesis[edit | edit source]
Copper(I) cyanide can be synthesized by the reaction of copper sulfate with sodium cyanide in the presence of an acid: \[ \text{CuSO}_4 + 2 \text{NaCN} + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{CuCN} + \text{Na}_2\text{SO}_4 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{HCN} \] This reaction proceeds via the formation of copper(II) cyanide, which is then reduced to copper(I) cyanide.
Applications[edit | edit source]
Copper Plating[edit | edit source]
Copper(I) cyanide is used in the electroplating industry for copper plating. It provides a smooth, adherent copper coating on various substrates, often used for decorative purposes or to prevent corrosion.
Organic Synthesis[edit | edit source]
In organic chemistry, copper(I) cyanide is a valuable reagent for the synthesis of nitriles and organic cyanides, serving as a source of the cyanide ion in various reactions.
Safety[edit | edit source]
Copper(I) cyanide is highly toxic, primarily due to its potential to release hydrogen cyanide gas, a potent inhibitor of cellular respiration. Handling requires appropriate safety precautions, including the use of personal protective equipment and adequate ventilation.
Environmental Impact[edit | edit source]
The use and disposal of copper(I) cyanide must be managed carefully to prevent environmental contamination. Its toxicity to aquatic life necessitates measures to prevent its release into water bodies.
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD